致船妹:執子之手,將子拖走
- 我國海上拖航合同法與國際海上拖航合同TOWCON 2008對比
任戊
圖片來源網絡僅供示意
江湖險惡,船妹闖蕩其中,難免發生些意外,遇到坎自己過不去了,需要船姐拉一把。
船姐有意幫忙的,就會跟船妹談談心。談成了,船妹就讓船姐牽著走。
如果情況緊急,或者船姐、船妹不知道怎么談的,可以簡單說既然同意牽手了,那就沒必要多扯,有什么問題就聽小法的。
后來,船姐和船妹發現,實際上有的小法不靠譜,要么有些情況沒說到,要么說到了但說得不清楚,不夠接地氣。
這時要船幫出面了。船幫有很多,最大是斌哥(BIMCO,Baltic and International Maritime Council),市場船妹占有率達65%,在120多個村寨有分舵。
為更好解決船姐和船妹的問題,斌哥(BIMCO)推出了“拖契(TOWCON)”和“拖租(TOWHIRE)”兩種標準版本,當前是2008版。
這兩種版本主要條款基本相同,區別主要是費用確定方式,TOWCON 2008是包干價(Lump Sum),TOWHIRE是按日租金計價(Daily Hire)。
經過實際操作,船姐和船妹發現,還是船幫打造的東西比較好用,其營造法式既全面又穩固,配合起來妥妥的。
在此,小法應向船幫同志學習,更重要是好好學習,爭取青出于藍而勝于藍,而不能淺嘗輒止,一瓶子不滿,半瓶子咣當,站在船幫面前像個小二,難克大用。
船幫與小法,一在江湖,一在廟堂,爰居爰處,與子成說。
船姐和船妹擇其善者,執子之手,將子拖走;就是要穩!
________________________________________________________________
海上拖航合同基本法律范疇分解與重整
之總體營造法式
【法律范疇一】拖航合同之定義
【法律范疇二】被拖方之簽約授權保證
【法律范疇三】拖航合同形式和主要內容
【法律范疇四】拖航合同條款部分無效之情形
【法律范疇五】解約日及其延長
【法律范疇六】拖航合同之解除與終止
【法律范疇七】起拖地
【法律范疇八】目的地
【法律范疇九】拖輪之適航與被拖物之適拖
【法律范疇十】相關國際公約要求之滿足
【法律范疇十一】許可和證書
【法律范疇十二】必要的繞航或慢行
【法律范疇十三】替代拖輪
【法律范疇十四】救助
【法律范疇十五】寬限時間(Free Time)
【法律范疇十六】輔助船員(Riding Crew)
【法律范疇十七】拖航設備及被拖物設備之使用
【法律范疇十八】冰凍條款
【法律范疇十九】戰爭
【法律范疇二十】拖航價款及支付條件
【法律范疇二十一】燃油價款調整
【法律范疇二十二】增加費用和額外成本
【法律范疇二十三】利息
【法律范疇二十四】擔保
【法律范疇二十五】留置
【法律范疇二十六】責任和賠償
【法律范疇二十七】喜馬拉雅條款
【法律范疇二十八】訴訟時效
_________________________________________________________
我國海上拖航合同法與
國際海上拖航合同TOWCON 2008
之法律范疇分解、重整與對比
【法律范疇一】拖航合同之定義
1、TOWCON 2008【全稱:International Ocean Towage Agreement (Lump Sum)】
PART I
It is mutually agreed between the party stated in Box 2 (hereinafter called “the Tugowner”) and the party stated in Box 3 (hereinafter called “the Hirer”) that the Tugowner shall, subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement which consists of PART I including additional clauses, if any agreed and stated in Box 41, PART II and Annex A, use its best endeavours to perform the towage or other service(s) as set out herein. In the event of a conflict of terms and conditions, the provisions of PART I and any additional clauses, if agreed, shall prevail those of PART II and Annex A to the extent of such conflict but no further.
PART II
1. Definitions
“Tugowner” means the party stated in Box 2.
“Hirer” means the party stated in Box 3.
“Tug” means the vessel or vessels stated in Boxes 13 to 16.
“Tow” means one or more vessels or objects of whatsoever nature including anything carried thereon as described in Boxes 4 to 12.
“Voyage” means the voyage described in Boxes 24 and 25.
“Restricted Waters” for the purpose of this Contract means the waterways described in Box 23.
2. Basis of the Agreement
The Tugowner agrees to render the service(s) to the Tow as set out in Box 23.
2、《海商法》
第一百五十五條
海上拖航合同,是指承拖方用拖輪將被拖物經海路從一地拖至另一地,而由被拖方支付拖航費的合同。
本章規定不適用于在港區內對船舶提供的拖輪服務。
第一百六十四條
拖輪所有人拖帶其所有的或者經營的駁船載運貨物,經海路由一港運至另一港的,視為海上貨物運輸。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿)
第8.1條 拖航合同,是指承拖方用拖輪將被拖物經海路或者與海相通的可航水域從一地拖至另一地,而由被拖方支付拖航費的合同。
本章規定不適用于在港區內對船舶提供的拖輪服務。
第8.10條
拖輪所有人拖帶其所有的或者經營的駁船載運貨物,由一港運至另一港的,視為貨物運輸。
【法律范疇二】被拖方之簽約授權保證(備注:司法實踐中易生爭議,應予以明確規范)
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
29. Warranty of Authority
If at the time of making this Agreement or providing any service under this Agreement other than towing at the request, express or implied, of the Hirer, the Hirer is not the owner of the Tow referred in Box 4, the Hirer expressly represents that he is authorized to make and does make this Agreement for and on behalf of the owner of the said Tow and agrees that both the Hirer and the owner of the Tow are bound jointly and severally by the provisions of this Agreement.
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇三】拖航合同形式和主要內容(備注:我國海商法相關規定過于簡略,且脫離商業做法)
1、TOWCON 2008
PART I
Box 1. Date and Place of Agreement
Box 2. Tugowner / Place of Business
Box 3. Hirer / Place of Business
Box 4. Tow (name and type)
Box 5. Gross tonnage / Displacement tonnage
Box 6. Maximum length / maximum breadth and towing draught (fore and aft)
Box 7. Flag and place of registry
Box 8. Registered Owners
Box 9. Classification Society
Box 10. P&I liability insurers
Box 11. General condition of tow
Box 12. Particulars of cargo and/or ballast and/or other property on board the tow
Box 13. Tug (name and type)
Box 14. Flag and place of registry
Box 15. Gross tonnage
Box 16. Classification Society
Box 17. P&I liability insurers
Box 18. Certificated bollard pull (if any)
Box 19. Indicated BHP
Box 20. Estimated daily average oil consumption in good weather and smooth water
Box 21. Winches and main towing gear
Box 22. Nature of service(s)
Box 23. Contemplated route (state restricted water if any)
Box 24. Place of Departure
Box 25. Place of Destination
Box 26. Free time at place of Departure
Box 27. Free time at place of Destination
Box 28. Free time for transiting canals and Restricted Waters
Box 29. Notice (Place of Departure)
Box 30. Delay Payment
Box 31. Riding crew to be provided by (also state number to be provided)
Box 32. If riding crew to be provided by Tugowner state amount per man per day payable by the Hirer
Box 33. Lump sum towage price (also state when each instalment due and payable)
Box 34. Payment of lump sum and other amounts (state currency, mode of payment, place of payment and bank acount)
Box 35. Interest rate (%) per annum to run from (state number of days) after any sum is due
Box 36. Financial security (state sum, by whom to be provided and when) (optional, only to be filled in if expressly agreed)
Box 37. Current cost of tug’s bunker oil (also state type of bunkers)
Box 38. Cancelling date
Box 39. Termination fee
Box 40. Dispute resolution
Box 41. Number of additional clauses, covering special provisions, if agreed
2、《海商法》
第一百五十六條
海上拖航合同應當書面訂立。
海上拖航合同的內容,主要包括承拖方和被拖方的名稱和住所、拖輪和被拖物的名稱和主要尺度、拖輪馬力、起拖地和目的地、起拖日期、拖航費及其支付方式,以及其他有關事項。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿)
第8.2條
拖航合同應當書面訂立。
拖航合同的內容,主要包括承拖方和被拖方的名稱和住所、拖輪和被拖物的名稱和主要尺度、拖輪馬力、起拖地和目的地、起拖日期、拖航費及其支付方式,以及其他有關事項。
【法律范疇四】拖航合同條款部分無效之情形
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
30. General
(a) If any one or more of the terms, conditions or provisions in this Agreement or any part thereof shall be held to be invalid, void or of no effect for any reason whatsoever, the same shall not affect the validity of the remaining terms, conditions or provisions which shall remain and subsist in full force and effect.
(b) For the purpose of this Agreement unless the context otherwise requires the singular shall include the plural and vice versa.
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇五】解約日及其延長
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
5. Extension to Cancelling Date
Should the Tug not be ready to commence the towage at the latest at midnight on the date indicated in Box 38, the Hirer shall have the option of cancelling this Agreement and shall be entitled to claim damages for detention if due to the willful default of the Tugowner.
(a) Should the Tugowner anticipate that the Tug will not be ready, he shall notify the Hirer thereof without delay stating the expected date of the Tug’s readiness and ask whether the Hirer will exercise his option to cancel.
(b) Such option to cancel must be exercised within forty-eight (48) hours after receipt of the tugowner’s notice, otherwise the third day after the date stated in the Tugowner’s notice shall be deemed to be the new agreed date to commence the towage in accordance with this Agreement.
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇六】拖航合同之解除與終止
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
22. Termination by the Hirer
(略)
23. Termination by the Tugowner
(略)
2、《海商法》
第一百五十八條
起拖前,因不可抗力或者其他不能歸責于雙方的原因致使合同不能履行的,雙方均可以解除合同,并互相不負賠償責任。除合同另有約定外,拖航費已經支付的,承拖方應當退還給被拖方。
第一百五十九條
起拖后,因不可抗力或者其他不能歸責于雙方的原因致使合同不能繼續履行的,雙方均可以解除合同,并互相不負賠償責任 。
第一百六十條
因不可抗力或者其他不能歸責于雙方的原因致使被拖物不能拖至目的地的,除合同另有約定外,承拖方可以在目的地的鄰近地點或者拖輪船長選定的安全的港口或者錨泊地,將被拖物移交給被拖方或 者其代理人,視為已經履行合同。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿)
第8.4條
起拖前,因不可抗力或者其他不能歸責于雙方的原因致使合同不能履行的,雙方均可以解除合同,并互相不負賠償責任。除合同另有約定外,拖航費已經支付的,承拖方應當退還給被拖方。
第8.5條 起拖后,因不可抗力或者其他不能歸責于雙方的原因致使合同不能繼續履行的,雙方均可以解除合同,并互相不負賠償責任。
除另有約定外,拖航費按照實際完成的拖航部分確定。
第8.6條 盡管有第8.5條規定,因不可抗力或者其他不能歸責于雙方的原因致使被拖物不能拖至目的地的,除合同另有約定外,承拖方可以在目的地的鄰近地點或者拖輪船長選定的安全的港口或者錨泊地,將被拖物移交給被拖方或者其代理人,視為已經履行合同。
【法律范疇七】起拖地
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
13. Place of Departure
(略)
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇八】目的地
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
14. Place of Destination
(略)
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇九】拖輪之適航與被拖物之適拖
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
19. Seaworthiness of the Tug
(略)
18. Tow-seaworthiness of the Tow
(略)
2、《海商法》
第一百五十七條
承拖方在起拖前和起拖當時,應當謹慎處理,使拖輪處于適航、適拖狀態,妥善配備船員,配置拖航索具和配備供應品以及 該航次必備的其他裝置、設備。
被拖方在起拖前和起拖當時,應當做好被拖物的拖航準備,謹慎處理,使被拖物處于適拖狀態,并向承拖方如實說明被拖物的情況,提供有關檢驗機構簽發的被拖物適合拖航的證書和有關文件。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿)第8.3條,同上。
【法律范疇十】相關國際公約要求之滿足
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
32. BIMCO ISPS / MTSA Clause 2005
(略)
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇十一】許可和證書
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
17. Permits and Certificates
(略)
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇十二】必要的繞航或慢行
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
24. Necessary Deviation or Slow Steaming
(略)
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿)
【法律范疇十三】替代拖輪
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
20. Substitution of Tugs
(略)
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇十四】救助
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
21. Salvage
(略)
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇十五】寬限時間(Free Time)
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
6. Free time / Delay payment
(略)
7. Canal and Restricted Waters Transit
(略)
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇十六】輔助船員(Riding Crew)
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
15. Riding Crew
(略)
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇十七】拖航設備及被拖物設備之使用
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
16. Towing gear and Use of Tow’s gear
(略)
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇十八】冰凍條款
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
8. Ice Clause for Tug and Tow
(略)
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇十九】戰爭
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
10. War Risk Escalation Clause
(略)
27. War and other risks
(略)
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇二十】拖航價款及支付條件
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
3. Price and Conditions of Payment
(a) The hirer shall pay the Tugowner the sum set out in Box 33 (hereinafter called “the Lump Sum”).
(b) The Lump Sum shall be payable as set out in Boxes 33 and 34.
(c) The Lump Sum and all other sums payable to the Tugowner shall be payable without any discount, deduction, set-off, lien, claim or counter-claim, each installment of the Lump Sum shall be fully and irrevocably earned at the moment it is due as set out in Box 33, Tug and/or Tow or part of Tow lost or not lost, and all other sums shall be fully and irrevocably earned on a daily basis as set out as per Box 30.
(d) All payment by the Hirer shall be made in the currency and to the bank account specified in Box 34.
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇二十一】燃油價款調整
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
4. Bunker Price Adjustment
(a) This Agreement is concluded on the basis of the price per metric ton of bunker oil stated in Box 37.
(b) If the price actually paid by the Tugowner for bunker oil consumed during the Voyage should be higher, the difference shall be paid by the Hirer to the Tugowner.
(c) If the price actually paid by the Tugowner for bunker oil consumed during the Voyage should be lower, the difference shall be paid by the Tugowner to the Hirer.
(d) The log book of the Tug and copies of the bunker supplier’s invoices shall be conclusive evidence of the quantity of bunkers consumed and the price actually paid.
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇二十二】增加費用和額外成本
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
9. Additional Charges and Extra Costs
(a) The Hirer shall appoint his agents at the place of departure and place of destination and ports of call or refuge and shall provide such agents with adequate funds as required.
(b) The hirer shall bear and pay as and when they fall due:
(i) All port expenses, pilotage charges, harbor and canal dues and all other expenses of a similar nature, including those incurred under the provisions of Clause 24(b) (Necessary Deviation or Slow Steaming), levied upon or payable in respect of the Tug and Tow.
(ii) All taxes (other than those normally payable by the Tugowner in the country where he has his principle place of business and in the country where the Tug is registered), stamp duties or other levies payable in respect of or in connection with this Agreement or the payment of the Lump Sum or other sums payable under this Agreement or the services to be performed under or in pursuance of this Agreement, and Customs or Excise duties and any costs, dues or expenses payable in respect of any necessary permits or licenses.
(iii) The costs of the services of any assisting tugs when deemed necessary by the Tugmaster or prescribed by Port or other authorities.
(iv) All costs and expenses necessary for the preparation of the Tow for towing (including such costs or expenses as those of raising the anchor of the Tow or tending or casting off any moorings of the Tow).
(v) The cost of insurance of the Tow.
(c) All taxes, charges, costs, and expenses payable by the Hirer shall be paid by the Hirer direct to those entitled to them. If, however, such tax, charge, cost and expense is in fact paid by or on behalf of the Tugowner (notwithstanding that the Tugower shall under no circumstances be under any obligation to make such payments on behalf of the Hirer) the Hirer shall reimburse the Tugowner on the basis of the actual cost to the Tugowner upon presentation of invoice.
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇二十三】利息
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
11. Interest
If any amounts due under this Agreement are not paid when due, then interest shall accrue and shall be paid in accordance with the provisions of Box 35, on all such amounts until payment is received by the party to whom it is due.
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇二十四】擔保
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
12. Financial Security
(略)
34. Security for claims
(略)
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇二十五】留置
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
28. Lien
(略)
2、《海商法》
第一百六十一條
被拖方未按照約定支付拖航費和其他合理費用的,承拖方對被拖物有留置權。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿)第8.7條,同上。
【法律范疇二十六】責任與賠償
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
25. Liability and Indemnity
(略)
2、《海商法》
第一百六十二條
在海上拖航過程中,承拖方或者被拖方遭受的損失,由一方的過失造成的,有過失的一方應當負賠償責任;由雙方過失造成的,各方按照過失程度的比例負賠償責任。
雖有前款規定,經承拖方證明,被拖方的損失是由于下列原因之一造成的,承拖方不負賠償責任;
(一)拖輪船長、船員、引航員或者承拖方的其他受雇人、代理人在駕駛拖輪或者管理拖輪中的過失;
(二)拖輪在海上救助或者企圖救助人命或者財產時的過失。
本條規定僅在海上拖航合同沒有約定或者沒有不同約定時適用。
第一百六十三條
在海上拖航過程中,由于承拖方或者被拖方的過失,造成第三人人身傷亡或者財產損失的,承拖方和被拖方對第三人負連帶賠償責任。除合同另有約定外,一方連帶支付的賠償超過其應當承擔的比例的,對另一方有追償權。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿)
第8.8條
除合同另有約定外,在拖航過程中,承拖方或者被拖方遭受的損失,由一方的過失造成的,有過失的一方應當負賠償責任;由雙方過失造成的,各方按照過失程度的比例負賠償責任。但是經承拖方證明,被拖方的損失是由于下列原因之一造成的,承拖方不負賠償責任:
(一)拖輪船長、船員、引航員或者承拖方的其他受雇人、代理人在駕駛拖輪或者管理拖輪中的過失;
(二)拖輪在海上救助或者企圖救助人命或者財產時的過失。
第8.9條
在拖航過程中,由于承拖方或者被拖方的過失,造成第三人人身傷亡或者財產損失的,承拖方和被拖方對第三人負連帶賠償責任。除合同另有約定外,一方連帶支付的賠償超過其應當承擔的比例的,對另一方有追償權。
【法律范疇二十七】喜馬拉雅條款
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
26. Himalaya Clause
(略)
2、《海商法》,無直接規定。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿),無直接規定。
【法律范疇二十八】訴訟時效
1、TOWCON 2008
PART II
31. Time for Suit
Save for the indemnity provisions under Clause 25 (Liability and Indemnity) of this Agreement, any claim which may arise out of or in connection with this Agreement or of any towage or other service to be performed hereunder shall be notified within 6 months of delivery of the Tow or of the termination of the towage or other service for any reason whatever, and any suit shall be brought within one year of the time when the cause of action first arose. If either of these conditions is not complied with the claim and all rights whatsoever and howsoever shall be absolutely barred and extinguished.
Any extension of time granted by the Tugowner to the Hirer or any indulgence shown relating to the time limit set out in this Agreement shall not be a waiver of the Tugowner’s right under this Agreement to act upon the Hirer’s failure to comply with the time limit.
2、《海商法》
第二百六十條
有關海上拖航合同的請求權,時效期間為一年,自知道或者應當知道權利被侵害之日起計算。
3、《海商法》(修訂征求意見稿)
第15.4條
有關海上拖航合同的請求權,訴訟時效期間為二年,自權利人知道或者應當知道權利被侵害之日起計算。
信德海事專欄作者:任戊,于廣州
二〇一九年二月十四日
免責聲明:本文僅代表作者個人觀點,與信德海事無關。其原創性以及文中陳述文字和內容未經本站證實,對本文以及其中全部或者部分內容、文字的真實性、完整性、及時性本站不作任何保證或承諾,請讀者僅作參考,并請自行核實相關內容。
投稿或聯系信德海事:
admin@xindemarine.com